Dubai is a global hub for business and a popular destination for entrepreneurs and professionals seeking opportunities. To engage in business activities in Dubai, obtaining a business visa is essential. Understanding the regulations and requirements for Dubai business visas is crucial for a smooth and successful application process.

Introduction to Dubai Business Visa:

A Dubai business visa allows individuals to enter and conduct business activities in the city. Whether it’s attending meetings, conferences, or exploring potential business ventures, a business visa grants legal permission to engage in such activities.

Types of Dubai Business Visas:

Dubai offers several types of business visas, each catering to specific needs and purposes. These include:

1. Visit Visa

2. Multiple Entry Visa

3. Employment Visa

4. Investor Visa

5. Partner Visa

6. Freelancer Visa

Requirements for Dubai Business Visa:

To obtain a Dubai business visa, certain documents and information are necessary. These typically include:

1. Passport and Photographs

2. Visa Application Form

3. Proof of Travel Insurance

4. Proof of Accommodation

5. Proof of Financial Resources

Process of Obtaining a Dubai Business Visa:

The process of obtaining a Dubai business visa involves a series of steps. These include:

1. Selecting the appropriate visa type based on the purpose and duration of your business activities.

2. Applying for the visa online or through a trusted agency.

3. Submitting all the required documents, ensuring accuracy and completeness.

4. Paying the applicable visa fees as per the visa type and duration.

5. Waiting for visa approval and collecting the visa before traveling.

Dubai Business Visa Regulations and Restrictions:

Understanding the regulations and restrictions related to Dubai business visas is crucial for compliance and a smooth experience. Some important regulations include:

1. Visa validity and duration vary based on the type of visa and specific requirements.

2. Employment visas have specific conditions and requirements set by the Dubai authorities.

3. Working for multiple employers while on a business visa may be restricted.

4. Visa cancellation procedures and overstay fines need to be adhered to in case of any changes to the visa status.

By familiarizing yourself with Dubai’s business visa regulations and following the necessary procedures, you can ensure a successful and hassle-free experience when conducting business activities in the city.

Types of Dubai Business Visas

Discover the diverse world of Dubai business visas and the array of options available to suit your specific needs. From visit visas to employment visas, investor visas to freelancer visas, each sub-section explores a different avenue for establishing or expanding your business presence in this dynamic city. Uncover the unique benefits and requirements associated with each type of visa, gaining valuable insights that will empower you to make informed decisions on your Dubai business journey.

Visit Visa

A visit visa is one of the types of Dubai business visas that allows individuals to visit Dubai for business-related purposes. Here are some key points to consider:

  1. To apply for a visit visa, you will need to provide a valid passport and photographs as part of the application process.
  2. You will also need to fill out a visit visa application form with all the required information.
  3. Proof of travel insurance is necessary to ensure that you are covered in case of any unforeseen circumstances during your visit.
  4. Proof of accommodation is required to show where you will be staying during your visit to Dubai.
  5. Having sufficient financial resources is essential to support yourself during your stay in Dubai.

Pro-tip: It’s important to carefully review and understand all the requirements for a visit visa before applying. Make sure you have all the necessary documentation and meet the criteria to increase your chances of a successful visit visa application.

Multiple Entry Visa

The Multiple Entry Visa, commonly known as Dubai business visa, offers individuals the opportunity to enter and exit Dubai on multiple occasions within a specified period. This visa is particularly advantageous for those who frequently travel to and from Dubai for business purposes.

To acquire a Multiple Entry Visa, applicants are required to follow a specific process. Firstly, they must choose the appropriate visa type and then proceed with their application, either online or through an agency. Subsequently, they need to submit all the necessary documents, such as passport and photographs, visa application form, proof of travel insurance, proof of accommodation, and evidence of financial resources. Once the documents are submitted, the visa fees must be paid to initiate the visa approval and collection process.

It is essential to acknowledge that the Multiple Entry Visa is subject to regulations and restrictions. Adherence to the visa’s validity and duration is crucial, and individuals holding this visa must strictly comply with the conditions for employment visas. Furthermore, working for multiple employers while in possession of this visa is restricted, and non-compliance with these regulations can result in visa cancellation and fines for overstaying.

If frequent business travel to Dubai is a necessity for you, the Multiple Entry Visa can offer the convenience and flexibility required. It is of utmost importance, however, to ensure compliance with the associated regulations and restrictions to steer clear of any potential issues.

Employment Visa

An employment visa is one of the types of Dubai business visas. It is a visa that allows individuals to work and reside in Dubai for a specific period of time. To obtain an employment visa, certain requirements must be met.

  1. Passport and Photographs: Applicants need to provide a valid passport with at least six months of validity and recent passport-sized photographs.
  2. Visa Application Form: An application form for the employment visa needs to be completed accurately and submitted.
  3. Proof of Travel Insurance: Applicants must provide proof of travel insurance that covers medical expenses and emergencies while in Dubai.
  4. Proof of Accommodation: Applicants need to provide proof of accommodation in Dubai, such as a lease agreement or hotel reservation.
  5. Proof of Financial Resources: Individuals must show proof of sufficient financial resources to support themselves during their stay in Dubai.

Once the required documents are submitted and the visa fees are paid, the employment visa application will be processed. If approved, the visa will be issued, allowing the applicant to work and reside in Dubai for the specified period of time.

John, an experienced engineer, applied for an employment visa to work in Dubai. He diligently gathered all the required documents, including his passport, photographs, and proof of accommodation. John also made sure to have comprehensive travel insurance to protect himself during his time in Dubai.

After submitting his application and paying the visa fees, John patiently waited for the approval. Finally, he received the good news that his employment visa had been granted. Excited about this new opportunity, John prepared for his journey to Dubai, knowing that his employment visa would allow him to pursue his career goals and experience a new culture.

Investor Visa

The Investor Visa is a significant category of Dubai Business Visa. It enables individuals to invest in Dubai and engage in business activities in the city. With an Investor Visa, foreign investors can establish their presence in the booming economy of Dubai.

To obtain an Investor Visa, individuals must fulfill certain requirements. These include providing proof of investment, such as a business plan or investment portfolio, and demonstrating the financial capacity to invest in Dubai.

Investors are encouraged to select the most suitable type of Visa based on their investment plans. They can either apply for a Visit Visa if they plan to explore investment opportunities or an Employment Visa if they intend to manage their own business.

When applying for an Investor Visa, it is crucial to submit the necessary documents and pay the applicable fees promptly. The approval process can take some time, so patience is required.

Once the Investor Visa is approved and collected, investors can enjoy the benefits of doing business in Dubai. The Visa typically has a validity period and duration that allows individuals to pursue their investment goals without restrictions.

It is important to note that specific conditions apply to Employment Visas, such as limitations on working for multiple employers. Additionally, violating visa regulations or overstaying can result in fines or visa cancellation.

Investors should carefully review the Dubai Business Visa regulations to ensure compliance and make the most of their investment opportunities in Dubai.

Partner Visa

A partner visa is a type of Dubai business visa that allows foreign individuals to enter Dubai to establish a business partnership with a local sponsor.

To obtain a Partner Visa, you will need to select the visa type as “partner visa” during the application process.

You can apply for a Partner Visa either online through the official government portal or through an authorized visa agency.

You will be required to submit the necessary documents, such as your passport and photographs, along with the Partner Visa application form.

Proof of travel insurance must be provided to ensure that you have adequate coverage during your stay in Dubai.

You must also provide proof of accommodation, such as a hotel reservation or a letter from your sponsor stating your place of stay.

Financial resources should be proved to demonstrate your ability to support yourself during your stay in Dubai.

Pro-tip: It’s essential to carefully review all the requirements and ensure you have all the necessary documents ready before applying for a Partner Visa. This will help streamline the application process and increase your chances of approval.

Freelancer Visa

The Freelancer Visa is a type of Dubai business visa that allows individuals to work as freelancers in Dubai. It provides them with the legal permission to operate their own business and offer their services to clients within the city. To obtain a Freelancer Visa, applicants need to meet certain requirements and follow a specific process.

To apply for a Freelancer Visa, individuals must have a valid passport and provide photographs for their visa application. They also need to fill out the visa application form and provide proof of travel insurance, accommodation, and financial resources. Once these documents are ready, applicants can select the Freelancer Visa type and apply either online or through an agency.

After submitting all the required documents, applicants must pay the relevant visa fees. Once the Freelancer Visa is approved, they can collect their visa and start working as freelancers in Dubai. It’s important to note that the Freelancer Visa has certain regulations and restrictions, such as visa validity and duration, conditions for employment, and restrictions on working for multiple employers. Overstaying the visa or violating its regulations can result in visa cancellation and fines.

Fact: Dubai is a popular destination for freelancers due to its booming economy and numerous business opportunities.

Requirements for Dubai Business Visa

Looking to travel to Dubai for business? Let’s dive into the essential requirements you need to know for obtaining a Dubai business visa. From passport and photographs to visa application forms, proof of travel insurance, accommodation, and financial resources, we’ll uncover the key documents and information you need to successfully secure your Dubai business visa. So, let’s get started on your journey to conducting business in this bustling city!

Passport and Photographs

When applying for a Dubai business visa, it is crucial to have a valid passport and provide recent passport-sized photographs.

  1. Valid passport: It is important to ensure that your passport is valid for at least six months from the date of entry into Dubai. Additionally, make sure that your passport has at least one blank page for the visa.
  2. Photographs: You will need to submit color photographs with a white background, without any head covering or sunglasses, as part of the visa application process.

Having the correct passport and photographs is essential for a smooth visa application process.

Visa Application Form

To apply for a Dubai business visa, you need to fill out a Visa Application Form with accurate and complete information. The Visa Application Form is an essential document that provides the authorities with the necessary details to process your visa request.

When filling out the

  • Provide your personal information, including your full name, date of birth, and passport details.

  • Indicate the purpose of your visit to Dubai as a business trip.

  • Specify the type of visa you are applying for, such as a visit visa, multiple entry visa, employment visa, investor visa, or partner visa.

  • Mention the duration of your intended stay in Dubai.

  • Provide your contact information, including your address, phone number, and email.

Ensure that all the information you provide on the Visa Application Form is accurate and matches the supporting documents you will submit. Any discrepancies or incorrect information may result in delays or rejection of your visa application.

Once you have completed the Visa Application Form, submit it along with the required supporting documents, such as passport copies, photographs, proof of travel insurance, proof of accommodation, and proof of financial resources.

Remember to carefully review the Visa Application Form before submission to avoid any errors or omissions. Providing all the necessary information and submitting the form correctly will increase your chances of obtaining a Dubai business visa.

Please keep in mind that the process and requirements for a Dubai business visa may vary, so it is essential to consult the official authorities or seek professional advice for the most up-to-date and accurate information for your specific case.

Proof of Travel Insurance

When applying for a Dubai business visa, proof of travel insurance is a mandatory requirement. This is crucial as it acts as a safety net in the event of any unexpected circumstances during your trip.

  • Make sure to present proof of travel insurance that includes coverage for medical expenses, emergency medical evacuation, and the repatriation of remains.
  • Ensure that the insurance policy specifically covers travel to Dubai and the entire duration of your stay.
  • Verify that the insurance coverage meets the minimum requirements set by the Dubai authorities.
  • Include a copy of the travel insurance policy alongside your visa application.
  • Provide comprehensive details of the insurance provider, including the company name, contact information, and policy number.

Having proof of travel insurance exemplifies your preparedness and responsibility, giving the authorities the necessary confidence to approve your Dubai business visa application.

Proof of Accommodation

To provide proof of accommodation for a Dubai business visa, you need to follow these steps:

  1. Book a hotel: Make a reservation at a hotel in Dubai that suits your budget and meets the visa requirements.
  2. Gather booking documents: Obtain the confirmation or booking details from the hotel, which usually includes the reservation number, hotel name, and your name.
  3. Include hotel address: Ensure that the proof of accommodation includes the complete address of the hotel in Dubai.
  4. Duration of stay: The proof of accommodation should clearly state the dates for which you have reserved the hotel room.
  5. Confirm payment: Ensure that the proof of accommodation indicates that you have made the necessary payment for the hotel reservation.
  6. Print the documents: Print out the confirmation of the hotel reservation to present it as proof of accommodation when applying for your Dubai business visa.

These steps will help you provide the required proof of accommodation for your Dubai business visa application. Remember to include all the necessary details and ensure that the documents are accurate and up-to-date.

Proof of Financial Resources

When applying for a Dubai Business Visa, it is crucial to provide proof of financial resources to demonstrate your ability to support yourself financially during your stay. This ensures that you have sufficient funds for accommodation, transportation, and other expenses.

Financial Requirement: USD 2,000 per month
Bank statements showing a minimum balance of USD 5,000 for the last three months
Accepted Currency: United States Dollars (USD)

It is essential to provide accurate and up-to-date statements to ensure a smooth visa application process. Failure to meet the financial requirements may result in the rejection of your visa application.

Visa authorities want to ensure that you have the means to sustain yourself while in Dubai and will not become a burden on the country’s resources. By providing proof of financial resources, you are assuring them that you can support your stay in Dubai without any financial difficulties.

Please note that these financial requirements may vary depending on the type of Dubai Business Visa you are applying for and the duration of your stay. It is always advisable to check the specific requirements based on your visa category.

Process of Obtaining a Dubai Business Visa

Process of Obtaining a Dubai Business Visa - Dubai business visa regulations

Photo Credits: Www.Dubaibusinessservices.Com by John Rivera

Thinking of doing business in Dubai? Let’s dive into the process of obtaining a Dubai Business Visa. From choosing the right visa type to submitting the necessary documents, paying fees, and finally getting that precious visa approval, we’ve got you covered. Whether you’re considering applying online or through an agency, this section will provide you with all the essential information you need to navigate the Dubai business visa regulations smoothly. So, let’s get started on your journey to conducting business in one of the world’s most vibrant economic hubs.

Selecting Visa Type

When applying for a Dubai Business Visa, it is important to carefully consider and select the type of visa that best suits your specific business needs.

  • Visit Visa: If your purpose is to visit Dubai for business-related activities such as meetings, conferences, or exploring potential business opportunities, the Visit Visa is the ideal choice.
  • Multiple Entry Visa: If you require frequent visits to Dubai for various business activities, the Multiple Entry Visa allows you to enter Dubai multiple times within a specific period.
  • Employment Visa: If you have received a job offer from a Dubai-based company, it is mandatory to obtain an Employment Visa which permits you to work legally in Dubai.
  • Investor Visa: For individuals interested in establishing or investing in a business in Dubai, the Investor Visa is a necessary requirement. It grants you permission to engage in business activities and manage your investments.
  • Partner Visa: If your intention is to partner with a Dubai-based company, the Partner Visa allows you to contribute to the business and legally stay in Dubai.
  • Freelancer Visa: Freelancers who wish to work independently in Dubai can apply for a Freelancer Visa, which enables them to offer their services legally.

When choosing the appropriate visa type, it is crucial to assess your specific business goals, the duration of your stay, and the activities you plan to undertake in Dubai.

Thoroughly researching and comprehending the requirements and restrictions associated with each visa type is essential to ensure a smooth application process.

Remember to seek guidance from relevant authorities, such as immigration consultants or the Dubai Department of Immigration, to obtain accurate and up-to-date information.

By meticulously selecting the visa type that aligns with your business goals, you can ensure a hassle-free experience when obtaining your Dubai Business Visa.

Applying Online or through an Agency

When applying for a Dubai business visa, you have the option of either applying online or through an agency. Here are some factors to consider when making this decision:

  1. Convenience: Applying online or through an agency is generally more convenient as it allows you to complete the application from the comfort of your own home or office. It eliminates the need to visit an agency in person.
  2. Efficiency: Applying online or through an agency usually results in faster processing times as the documents are submitted electronically. This can be beneficial if you have a tight deadline and need to obtain your visa quickly.
  3. Cost: Applying online or through an agency may incur additional fees for their services. However, if you are unfamiliar with the application process or prefer to have someone handle it on your behalf, an agency can provide guidance and support.
  4. Support: When applying online or through an agency, you may have access to customer support services that can assist you with any questions or issues that arise during the application process. Some agencies may also offer similar support.

Sarah was a busy entrepreneur who needed to travel to Dubai for an important business meeting. With limited time on her hands, she decided to apply for her Dubai business visa online. The process was simple and straightforward, allowing her to complete the application within minutes. Sarah also received timely updates on the status of her application and was able to track its progress online. Thanks to the convenience and efficiency of applying online, Sarah was able to focus on preparing for her business trip without any added stress.

Submitting Required Documents

When applying for a Dubai Business Visa, it is essential to follow these steps:

  1. Gather and prepare the required documents, including your passport and photographs. Remember to ensure that your passport is valid for at least six months from the date of application.
  2. Accurately and completely fill out the visa application form. It is crucial to double-check all the information provided before submitting it.
  3. Present proof of travel insurance. This step is important to guarantee coverage in case of unexpected situations during your trip.
  4. Provide supporting evidence of accommodation, such as hotel reservations or a letter of invitation from a business partner or sponsor in Dubai.
  5. Show proof of financial resources by submitting bank statements or an employment letter that demonstrates your financial stability.

It is essential to remember to review all the necessary documents carefully before submitting your application. Failure to provide complete or accurate documentation could result in delays or the rejection of your visa application.

Paying Visa Fees

When applying for a Dubai business visa, it is crucial to complete the important step of paying visa fees. The amount of these fees varies depending on the type of visa you require. To proceed with your application, it is essential to have the necessary funds available to cover these fees. You can conveniently make the payment online or through a recognized agency. Ensure that you have the required amount prepared and carefully follow the payment instructions provided by the visa application platform or agency.

Please keep in mind that visa fees are subject to change, so it is vital to verify the latest fee information before submitting your application. Failing to pay the required visa fees may result in delays or even the rejection of your visa application.

Fact: An exciting initiative was introduced by the Dubai government in July 2020, allowing business travelers and tourists to obtain a free 30-day visa upon arrival. This waiving of visa fees is aimed at boosting the tourism industry and attracting more visitors to Dubai.

Visa Approval and Collection

Getting your Dubai business visa approved and collecting it is an important step in your journey. Here is a step-by-step guide to help you through the process:

  1. Submit all the required documents accurately and completely.
  2. Pay the visa fees as specified by the Dubai immigration authorities.
  3. Wait for the visa approval and collection, which usually takes a few days to a couple of weeks.
  4. Once your visa is approved, you will receive a notification.
  5. Visit the visa application center or immigration office to collect your visa.
  6. Present the necessary identification documents and collect your visa.

Pro-tip: Make sure to double-check all the required documents and information before submitting your visa application. Any errors or incomplete information may lead to delays or rejection of your visa. Keep track of the processing time and plan your travel accordingly to avoid any inconvenience.

Dubai Business Visa Regulations and Restrictions

When it comes to Dubai business visas, it’s important to understand the regulations and restrictions that apply. In this section, we’ll dive into the nitty-gritty details, covering aspects like visa validity and duration, conditions for employment visas, restrictions on working for multiple employers, and the consequences of visa cancellation and overstay fines. Get ready to explore the ins and outs of Dubai’s business visa requirements – it’s a must-know for anyone planning to work or invest in this vibrant city.

Visa Validity and Duration

To understand the validity and duration of a Dubai business visa, refer to the table below:

Visa Type Visa Validity Visa Duration
Visit Visa 30 or 90 days As per visa validity
Multiple Entry Visa Multi-entry within 6 months As per visa validity
Employment Visa 2 years As per employment contract
Investor Visa 2 years As per visa duration
Partner Visa 2 years As per visa duration
Freelancer Visa 3 months As per visa duration

The validity of a Visit Visa can be either 30 or 90 days, depending on the visa type. Multiple Entry Visas allow for multiple entries within a 6-month period. Employment, Investor, and Partner Visas have a validity of 2 years. The duration of these visas depends on the terms specified in the employment contract or visa conditions. Freelancer Visas have a validity of 3 months.

It is important to note that the duration of stay in Dubai should not exceed the validity of the visa. Overstaying can result in fines and other legal consequences. Additionally, certain conditions apply to employment visas, such as restrictions on working for multiple employers.

Understanding the visa validity and duration of your Dubai business visa is crucial for proper planning and compliance with visa regulations.

Conditions for Employment Visas

  1. In order to obtain an employment visa in Dubai, it is necessary to have a valid job offer from a company based in Dubai. The job offer should include details such as the position, salary, and duration of employment.
  2. Prior to receiving the employment visa, individuals need to undergo a medical examination to ensure they are medically fit for work. This includes tests for infectious diseases and a general health check-up.
  3. For certain job positions, proof of education and work experience may be required to meet the qualifications and requirements set by the Dubai government.
  4. Applicants for employment visas in Dubai must have a clean criminal record, which can be proven through a police clearance certificate from their home country.
  5. The employer serves as the sponsor for the employment visa in Dubai, and is responsible for providing all necessary documents and fees for the visa application process.
  6. After obtaining the employment visa, individuals must meet certain residency requirements, such as having a valid residence address and obtaining a health insurance policy.

When applying for an employment visa in Dubai, it is essential to adhere to all the regulations and requirements set by the government. Failure to comply with these conditions may result in visa cancellation or fines.

Restrictions on Working for Multiple Employers

There are specific conditions in Dubai regarding the restrictions on working for multiple employers with employment visas.

Individuals holding an employment visa are only allowed to work for the employer who sponsored their visa.

Engaging in employment with any other company or organization is not permissible.

Working for multiple employers while on an employment visa is considered a violation of the visa regulations.

Violating this restriction can lead to penalties and fines.

The fines for working for multiple employers while on an employment visa can vary, and the relevant authorities determine the amount.

Penalties may include fines, visa cancellation, and even deportation.

To maintain compliance with the Dubai business visa regulations, it is essential to adhere to the restrictions on working for multiple employers.

It is advisable to consult with legal professionals or the relevant authorities to understand the specific restrictions and consequences.

Always ensure that your employment aligns with the sponsorship of your visa to avoid any legal or immigration issues.

Visa Cancellation and Overstay Fines

Visa Cancellation: When it comes to Dubai Business Visas, visa cancellation is an important aspect to consider. If you find yourself needing to cancel your Dubai Business Visa, it is crucial to go through the proper channels. Reach out to the relevant authorities or your visa sponsor to initiate the cancellation process. Failing to cancel the visa properly can result in fines or future visa application rejections.

Overstay Fines: Adhering to the validity duration of your Dubai Business Visa is of utmost importance. Going beyond the permitted period can lead to significant overstay fines. These fines are calculated on a daily basis and can accumulate rapidly. It is advisable to keep track of your visa expiration date and exit the country before it expires to avoid any penalties.

To ensure a smooth experience with your Dubai Business Visa, it is always important to comply with the regulations and guidelines provided. Respecting the visa policies is essential for maintaining a good standing within the United Arab Emirates.

Remember, each visa is subject to specific terms and conditions, so familiarizing yourself with them is key to avoiding any issues during your stay.

Plan your trip carefully, stay informed about visa regulations, and make sure to adhere to the rules to have a hassle-free experience in Dubai.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the requirements to apply for a Dubai business visa through the Golden Visa residency program?

To apply for a Dubai business visa through the Golden Visa residency program, you must have successful entrepreneurial experience and be a majority shareholder or member of the senior leadership of a start-up. You must also propose a business idea or plan to establish a legal business in one of the seven emirates of the UAE. The approval of the Ministry of Economy or the competent local authorities may be required for certain projects or ideas.

What are the benefits of obtaining a Dubai business visa?

Obtaining a Dubai business visa offers several benefits. It allows you to establish a business, explore growth opportunities, and settle in the country. Visa holders can also nominate up to three senior staff members from their firm to obtain UAE residency. Furthermore, visa holders can sponsor their dependents, subject to meeting the requirements set by the Federal Authority for Identity, Citizenship, Customs & Ports Security.

How long does it take to process a Dubai business visa?

The processing time for a Dubai business visa is approximately 60 days, including 30 days for the initial application review and another 30 days for the applicant to fulfill all requirements.

What are the requirements for a visit visa for investors and entrepreneurs in Dubai?

To obtain a visit visa for investors and entrepreneurs in Dubai, you can choose between a single-entry visa, valid for 2, 3, or 4 months, or a multiple-entry visa with a maximum stay of 90 days. The visit visa is suitable for market research, business evaluation, and regular visits for business meetings, conferences, and events.

Can I obtain a residence visa in Dubai without a sponsor?

Yes, it is now possible to obtain a self-sponsored residence visa in Dubai through the Green Residence Visa. This option is available for company shareholders with a minimum capital contribution of AED 1,000,000 ($272,000).

Is it possible to obtain a 10-year residence visa in Dubai through purchasing properties?

Yes, by purchasing real estate in Freehold Zones in Dubai, foreigners can obtain a 10-year residence visa. The minimum purchase amount is AED 2,000,000 ($545,000). Additional expenses such as registration fees, state fees, medical checkup, health insurance, and document fees are also required.